Exam Review Chart (Rome) – filled in & a map courtesy of Tyler

Here is the comprehensive chart for Rome that we made today in class. The Greece chart is already online.

Topic	People	Places	Key Terms & Concepts
Etruscans	Servius Tullius Tarquinius Superbus Tarquinius Priscus	Etruria	Necropolis Art, metalwork, terracotta Luxury Etruscan women Origins of Etruscans Relationships with other civilizations Written language Importance of archaeological record
Geography		Central Mediterranean Italian peninsula Western orientation Po Tiber Arno Rome Alps Apennine Mountains	Influence on economy, defense, society Compare to Greek geography & civilization
Founding Myths	Virgil Aeneas Dido Venus Romulus Remus Sabine women Lucretia Brutus	Troy Tiber River Carthage	What these myths tell us about Roman values Function of myth in the state
Law	Justinian	Forum Byzantium	Twelve Tables Justinian Code Civic, Natural, Law of Nations Public and Private law Juries Tribunals
Republic	Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Sulla Brutus Marius Polybius Cato		SPQR Res Publica Centuries Checks and balances Assembly of Centuries Rhetoric & oration Patricians & Plebeians – struggle of the orders Patron/Client relationship Tax farming Public works Consul
Pyrrhic & Punic War	Hannibal Scipio Pyrrhus	Tarentum Carthage Spain Sicily Alps	Pyrrhic Victory Loyalty of Italians in their alliance wtih Rome Important battles Beginning of Rome as a superpower Money, slave, tax revenue Naval power of Rome Military organization
Decline of Republic	Julius Caesar Calpurnia Crassus Cicero Brutus Mark Antony Pompey Octavian	Rubicon Gaul	Assassination of JC – public’s reaction, deification Dictator for life Triumvirate Problems in the Republic – tax, unemployment, poverty, land issues, grain prices, crime, unequal access to voting and public office
Religion	Pontifex Maximus Vestal Virgins Mithras Lar Numens Augurs The Pantheon (Juno, Jupiter etc.) Constantine Justinian	Persia Egypt Greece Pantheon	Religio – binding force Quid pro quo & practical religion Greek gods in Roman dress State co-opting religion Public and private religion
Art & Architecture		Colosseum Pantheon Arch of Titus Arch of Constantine Aqueduct of Segovia Circus Maximus	Arches Aqueducts Domes Portraiture and propaganda Art and empire Mosaics Greek influence Public works Concrete
Intellectual Achievements & Entertainment	Virgil Ovid Seneca Livy Juvenal Horace Galen Pliny the Elder Cicero		Satire Metamorphoses Calendar Latin Medicine How literature relates to the state Gladiators
Roman Empire	Tiberius Augustus Caligula Trajan Claudius Diocletian Nero Constantine Marcus Aurelius Hadrian	East/West empire Empire at its largest Constantinople Byzantium Judea Britain	Pax Romana Legions – how the army changed during the Empire
Fall of Empire	Romulus Augustulus Odoacer Barbarians 3rd Century emperors	Where the Barbarians came from (Mongolia, Germany, Gaul etc)	Why it fell? Did it fall? What is an empire Legacy of Roman Empire Collapse – social, economic, military, cultural, and political aspects

Tyler just found this GIF that shows the expansion of the Roman territories – watch Rome grow!

Exam Review – Blank Chart

This afternoon we will be reviewing for tomorrow’s exam. Please use the attached document to help you brainstorm key people, places, and concepts. You can download this blank chart and fill it in for your notes.

 Exam review –  blank

ISU: Resources to help you cite your sources

Looking forward to reading everyone’s ISU essays tomorrow! Please make sure to properly format your paper, and to hand it in along with a bibliography and your outline. Careful with Son of Citation, EasyBib and other citation generators – make sure to read over your citation to verify that it is correct.  Check the Purdue OWL website or Concordia’s guide for MLA guidelines.

Proofread your papers well – ask a friend or family member to read it over for spelling, grammar and clarity! Here’s one of my favourite videos on the importance of proofreading, some spoken word by Taylor Mali…

 

Eily’s Colosseum PowerPoint

You can download Eily’s presentation on the Colosseum:  The Colosseum

 

Circus Maximus (Tyler)

When was the Circus built?

The Circus Maximus was originally built in the sixth century BCE. Permanent starting gates were constructed in 329 BCE, and they were rebuilt in 174 BCE. Julius Caesar lengthened the track and built a euripus (water filled channel) around it in 46 BCE. In 33 BCE, Agrippa supplemented the large wooden eggs used for marking laps with seven bronze dolphins instead. In 31 BCE, a fire destroyed most of the Circus, and Augustus rebuilt it, and added an imperial box, or a pulvinar. In 10 BCE, an obelisk was erected as a dedication to the sun, and as a monument for the conquest of Egypt. Finally, in 80 CE, Trajan restored the temple to greater than ever before after a fire, changing some seats into marble, making massive columns and arches on the sides, adding walkways between seats, and allowing men and women to sit together.

Where, why, how, and by whom was the Circus built?

The circus was built by Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. By the time of the building of the Circus, chariot races were already happening near the site of the building. The building simply gave an official venue in which the races could occur. Part of the building of the Circus involved rechanneling a river to make a boundary for the track. The circus was the first of its kind to be built, and the channeling of the river, the massive sandy track, and the seats around the edges marked one of the original sport stadiums. It was located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. When it was rebuilt in 80 CE, massive arches, and marble seating were added, making this into a truly magnificent example of a Roman sports stadium. Other chariot tracks built around the Empire were modeled on the circus. The circus was originally mostly made out of wood, as the seats were on raised wooden platforms, and the starting gates were wood, but in 80 CE, marble was added. While the Circus was built for chariot races, gladiator games and animal hunts were staged there as well.

 

What were the important structural and artistic features of the Circus?

Like major racing stadiums today, the starting areas were staggered so the total distances was the same. The arches were another important structural feature of the Circus, one of the features that would, and had, become iconic in Roman architecture.  Columns were also a very important feature of the Circus, making it look extremely impressive on the outside. A very important feature, both structural and artistic, was the Euripus, a moat around the outside to protect the spectators from wild animals. There was a sweeping curve at both ends of the track, called the sphendone, and this was where many crashes would have occurred. An important artistic feature was the metae, turning posts with seven bronze dolphins on them to mark the laps.

What was the usage and significance of the Circus Maximus in the Roman world?

The Circus Maximus, and Circuses in general, were one of the most important features of Ancient Rome. The Circus itself was used extremely often, with seventy-seven days devoted to racing at one point, and twenty four races a day after Caligula. Four factions dominated the Circus, Red, White, Blue, and Green, with Blue and Green being the most important. The Roman populace loved the games, and often used them as an excuse to petition the Emperor, or even attempt to crown new ones after the Emperor’s death sometimes. Each race in the Circus had seven laps, and would have been upwards of three miles long. Deaths were common at the races, with risks including being run over by chariots, having an enemy’s whip knock you off, or simply dying in a chariot crash. Sometimes, victory by a particular faction would result in disastrous riots, with portions of the populace being killed. There was an intense rivalry  between factions, as the individual racers, or supporters often tried to kill or curse each other. Probably nothing, except for the gladiatorial games, was as popular as chariot racing was in Rome.

 

Other interesting information about the Circus Maximus:

Many emperors were especially brutal in their handling of crowds at a circus, such as Caligula. He once simply killed all citizens who were demanding lowered taxes until they stopped complaining. The Circus remained as a sports stadium until 550 CE. This was around the end of the importance of the city of Rome. It was never used for other events, and quickly fell into ruin with the rest of the city.

 

Bibliography:

“Circus Maximus.”  Circus Maximus. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/circusmaximus/circusmaximus.html>.

Brommer, Gerald F. Discovering Art History, 3rd ed. Worcester: Davis Publications Inc. 1997

Thompson, Nancy L. “Roman Art”. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007

Pictures:

“Circus Maximus.”  Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_Maximus>.

The Arch of Constantine (by Harrison)

Who built it and Why

• Erected by Senate in 312
• Dedicated to Emperor Constantine after his victory against Emperor Maxentius at the Battle of
• Milvian Bridge in 312
• Repaired in 18th C.
• Restored for final time in 1990

Purpose and How it was made

• The Arch spans the Via Triumphalis – the road from Palestine Hill to the Coliseum
• Emperors would travel this route after a military victory
• The arch is 21 m high, 25.9 m wide and 7.4 m deep.
• three archways:
• central one being 11.5 m high and 6.5 m wide
• smaller lateral archways 7.4 m by 3.4 m each
• Made with brick, and riveted in marble
• Senate built it to commemorate Emperor Constantine
• Original brickwork and marble was constructed, then other architectural, and sculptural features
• were taken from existing monuments and placed on the Arch

Imporant features:

• Features depictions of war and Roman legends – including Hadrian hunting Lions
• Features Hellenistic aspects
• Corinthian Columns
• Intricate & complex designs
• Great detail
• Primarily focuses on glorifying Roman military victories

Main Section

• The spandrels of the main archway are decorated with reliefs depicting victory figures with
• trophies
• Separated by Corinthian style columns, with statues of Emperor Corinthius on top of them
• Smaller archways depicts scenes of gods
• Circular-framed scenes depicting hunting and sacrifice
• Main piece is under the circular freezes, and depicts Emperor Constantine’s campaign against
• Maxentius

Inscription:

IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV ·
DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE ·
OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM ·
TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT

To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he,
inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of
his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, the Senate and People of Rome have
dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs.

Significance:

• Considered to be one of Rome’s great architectural pieces
• Gives knowledge of time period
• Wide array of images, scenes depicted
• Shows Empire propaganda in the glorification of Costantinus in his military victory
• Uses various styles
• Design has been the inspiration for many similar arch’s
• Used in 1960 Olympics as the marathon finish line
• Considered one of Rome’s most illustrious buildings

 

Works Cited

“Arch of Constantine.” – Smarthistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-constantine.html&gt;.

“Triumphal Arches of Titus, Septimius Severus, and Constantine.” Arch of Constantine. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://web.mit.edu/course/21/21h.405/www/ArchesOfTitus/constantine-art.html&gt;.

“Arch of Constantine.” Arch of Constantine. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanurbs/archconstantine.html&gt;.

Brommer, Gerald F. Discovering Art History 3^rd Ed. Worcester Davis Publicant Inc. 1997

Thompson, Nanny L. “Roman Art“ New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007

The Arch of Titus (by Nick)

Inscriptions on the arch meaning: The Roman Senate and
People to Deified Titus, Vespasian Augustus, son of Deified
Vespasian’ were originally in bronze. The reliefs were also
colored and the arch was topped by a bronze quadriga.

– The Arch of Titus was built in 81 AD. In the 11th century the Frangipani family had a fortress built surrounding the Arch. In 1821 it was restored by Giuseppe Valadier. And then in between 1822 and 1823 they outer parts were rebuilt using travertine (opposed to the initial marble) this way we are able to differentiate the original pieces and the restored parts.

Inscriptions on the arch meaning: The Roman Senate and
People to Deified Titus, Vespasian Augustus, son of Deified
Vespasian’ were originally in bronze. The reliefs were also
colored and the arch was topped by a bronze quadriga.

-This was built at the “Forum Romanum” “at the highest point of the “Via Sacra” “
-It was built in commemoration of the victory of the Jewish Zealots. As well as in honor of Emperor Titus, who died of a fever in year 81.
-The arch was built by Titusʼ brother Domitian.

-Although it is unclear who actually made or at least participated in making the Arch what is clear is that it was commissioned by Emperor Domitian. And they incorporated a Flavian style. This style can be identified through the simplicity of the general shape and even some of the pictures on the arch.

-The Arch of Titus is created from a “Pentelic marble” and it sits on top of a travertine (a type of limestone) base. They used a white marble which often signified wealth and had an overall positive connotation. Structurally, the Arch gets its strength from its “voussoirʼs” which means “Wedge shaped stone or brick”, making the curved format possible. (very common when it comes to building vaults and arches). Different parts of the arch have different names. Approaching from the front the part that sticks out the most is called the archʼs “barrel vault”(depth of 4.75 m), the archway was 8.3m high and 5.36m wide. Also the Arch of Titus was supposedly the first of its kind to combine Ionic and Corinthian styles to create “Composite order”.

-The Arch of Titus was not something to be used practically, rather to be looked upon symbolically. The Arch signified the victory of the Jewish people in the Jewish war. The fact that the Arch is still standing is also significant, this proves that the defeat was not a temporary victory, rather a long term life changing event.

– A cool fact about the arch is the oldest surviving Roman arch. And on the inside of the two panels are pictures or “reliefs” one side depicting the Triumphal procession with the spoils taken from the second temple in Jerusalem. The other showing Titus being carried in a chariot accompanied by the Goddesses Victoria and Roma.

 

A painting of the Arch by
Canaletto depicting what it
would look like in ancient times.

The Pantheon (By Elliot)

Background and significance in ancient Rome:

–        The Pantheon was created by Marcus Agrippa during his time in consulship in 27 B.C.

–        It burned down twice and the final Pantheon as it is known today was made in 80 A.D. by Hadrian. Hadrian not wanting to take away Agrippa’s glory has Agrippa’s name still on it.

–        It is located in the city of Rome in the exact area which is known as the place where Romulus died, and was where an eagle picked up his body and brought him up to the heavens.

–        The Pantheon’s history is still not fully known, but it is known that it was a temple to all the gods, but the nature of the ceremonies done in its heyday.

–        The main reason it is in such good condition today is because possession of the building was handed over to the Roman Catholic Church by Emperor Phocas of Byzantine.

–        Today it serves as a Church and has done so since its creation, today though it has marble columns and other decorations to impress

 

The Pantheon’s Construction:

–        It was built only with the introduction of concrete into Roman construction, for it allowed them to form the basic dome which is its most important feature.

–        It was likely constructed by using intricate wooden scaffolding and the dome itself was made from a single mold of Concrete which was then reinforced with bricks.

–        The building itself is completely round save for the entrance which is a square.

–        The entrance has elements of Greek architecture in the form of a pediment, as well originally played out the scene of the battle with the titans.

–        The top of the dome is best known for its oculus which is a skylight and the only source of light in the building.

–        The building is built with a special concave floor which will cause rain to cleanly dry out of the building through an intricate drainage system.

The Pantheon Today

In Roman Times

The Oculus

Works Cited

greatbuildings.com.  “Pantheon.”  http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Pantheon.html.  web.

2012.  August 23, 2012.

Rodolpho Lanciani.  “Pantheon.”  http://aabbeatv.com/Pantheon/Pantheon.html.  web.  February 3,

2000.  August 23, 2012.

Thayer, William P.  “Pantheon.”

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pantheon.html.  web.  October 12, 2007.  August 23, 2012.

italyguides.it.  “The Pantheon of the Roman Gods.”  http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/pantheon.htm.  web.  2012.  August 23, 2012.

rome.info.  “Roman Pantheon.”  http://www.rome.info/pantheon/.  web.  2009.  August 23, 2012.

Hannibal’s so puny…uh…Punic.

SPQR PWNED

The decline of the Roman Republic in the 3rd and 2nd Century BCE – a review of the Robin Lane Fox chapters that we read, examining the Roman attitudes toward luxury, and the struggles between some populist reformers and traditionalists including

• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
• Sulla
• Marius
• Cato the Elder

 

Spartacus and the Slave Revolt